Buku Biokimia Harper Pdf
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Jun 1, 2018 - Adam, John M.F. Dislipidemia dalam: Aru W. Sudoyo, editor: Buku Ajar. Biokimia Harper Indonesia Pdf Downloadgolkes a1d9fc608e raraju.
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Female Reproductive HormonesBIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
Pituitary HormonesPosterior pituitary
Stores and releases 2 hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin): Oxytocin:
Oxytocin9 amino acid peptide, produced primarily by paraventricular nucleus and small amount by supraoptic nucleusTargets: Uterus and mammary glandsContraction of pregnant uterusStimulates contractions of the mammary gland alveoli.Milk-ejection reflex.
Pituitary HormonesAnterior pituitary
Prolactin Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
PROLACTINProtein hormone of 199 amino acids.In females it stimulates milk production by the mammary glands. Release is inhibited in non-pregnant women. As estrogen and progesterone levels rise late in pregnancy, it stimulates prolactin release.Hyperprolactinaemia can cause menstrual problems in females and breast enlargement in males.
Hypo-Pit-Gonadal Axes
An OverviewHORMONAL CONTROL OVER GONADAL FUNCTION
Action of GnRHA system stimulation of phosphatidylinositol is GnRH actionGnRH binds to receptors in the cell membrane of the gonadotropePhospholipase C is activated, catalyzes the hidrolysis of PIP2 to form DAG and IP3 DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC), which phosphorylates specific proteinIt participate in the resulting secretory process to transport LH and FSH to cell exteriorIP3 stimulates of Ca2+ from calcium stroge particle, cause increased stimulation of PKCparticipates in exocytosis of LH and FSH from cell
Action of GnRH
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GONADOTROPINSFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Target: Ovaries and TestesStimulates the maturation of sperm and egg, in the females causes the release of estrogen
GONADOTROPINSLuteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target: Ovaries and TestesMale: Production of testosteroneIn females works with FSH to cause follicle development, and then independently is responsible for ovulation.
Sex HormonesGonad and Adrenal
EstrogenProgesteroneDihydrotestosteroneTestosterone
Ovarian hormones
SteroidsEstrogensAndrogensProgesterone Peptides
OVARIAN STEROID HORMONES
Produced in both interstitial and follicular cells Derivatives of cholesterol (coming from LDL-lipoproteins and de novo synthesis)
SYNTHESIS
Chemical structure: C18Source:follicular cellscorpus luteumplacentaadrenal cortexadipose tissue (DHEA androstenedione E1)
ESTROGEN
SYNTHESIS First step happens in mitochondria All the rest in smooth ER Reduction in number of carbon atoms Estrogens are primarily synthesized in granulosa cells Androgens are primarily synthesized in thecal cells
Estrogens in circulationEstradiol Secreted by the ovaryEstrone Derived from peripheral conversion of estradiol and androstenodioneEstriol Liver metabolite of estrone
ESTROGENSTransport in blood Mostly carrier-bound (albumin, sex hormone-binding globulin) Two peaks Before ovulation Mid-luteal peak Levels : much higher in the follicular fluid than in the plasma!
Cytoplasmic receptor binds to steroid hormone.Translocates to nucleus.DNA-binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNA.Dimerization occurs.Process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 half-sites.Stimulates transcription of particular genes.
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of Action
Metabolism
Metabolized to glucuronides and sulfates Recycled in enterohepatic circulation Excreted in urine
Physiological
Reproductive system
Development and maintenance of uterus, uterine tubes,vagina, external genitalia and breastsCyclic changes in the endometrium, cervix, vaginaGrowth of the ovarian folliclesMotility of the uterine tubes
Physiological
Reproductive system
Pregnancy: uterine muscle mass , excitability , breasts Female secondary sex characteristics (fat deposits, etc)Estrous behavior in animals, increased libido in humans
Physiological
Metabolism
Protein metabolism: anabolism- (in cattle, chicken, etc.)Lipid metabolism: LDL , plasma cholesterol Salt and water retention (by stimulating angiotensin) edema
Physiological
Other metabolic
Maintenance of bone massClotting factor synthesis ( thrombosis)
Progesteron
The most distinctive hormone between males and femalesChemical structure: C21Source: c. luteum placenta follicles (small amount) adrenal cortex
Transport2% free80% albumin-bound18% corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin) -bound
Cyclic changes in the endometrium, cervix, and vaginaBreasts: supports the secretory function during lactationInhibits LH secretionResponsible for preparing the reproductive tract for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological
Physiological
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONESRelaxin Relaxes pelvic joints Softens and dilates cervix Sperm mobility - in malesInhibin Selective inhibitory control of FSHActivin Selective stimulaton of FSH Cell differentiation
OVARIAN PEPTIDE HORMONES Follistatins Inhibit FSH secretion Gonadotropin surge attenuating factor Prevents premature LH surge POMC hormones Vasopressin and oxytocin (in luteal cells)
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